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The Romans found that the mixture of lime putty with pozzolana, a fine
volcanic ash, would harden under water. The result was possibly the
first hydraulic cement. It became a major feature of Roman building
practice, and was used in many buildings and engineering projects such
as bridges and aqueducts. Concrete technology was kept alive during the
Middle Ages in Spain and Africa, with the Spanish introducing a form of
concrete to the New World in the first decades of the 16th century. It
was used by both the Spanish and English in coastal areas stretching
from Florida to South Carolina. Called "tapia," or "tabby," the
substance was a creamy white, monolithic masonry material composed of
lime, sand, and an aggregate of shells, gravel, or stone mixed with
water. This mass of material was placed between wooden forms, tamped,
and allowed to dry, the building arising in layers, about one foot at a
time.
Reinforced concrete in
the United States dates from 1860, when S.T. Fowler obtained a patent
for a reinforced concrete wall. In the early 1870s William E. Ward built
his own house in Port Chester, New York, using concrete reinforced with
iron rods for all structural elements.
For more information about
concrete sealers
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